Important sources for process water include groundwater, well water, and surface water. The recycling of wastewater is also becoming increasingly important, particularly in industrial sectors where used water is treated to be reused as process water. The required treatment method is determined by the intended application. For applications without specific requirements, simple filtration may suffice. In some cases, sedimentation—where particles settle at the bottom of a tank and the clarified water is pumped off—is enough to achieve the necessary water quality. Treatment for industrial applications is significantly more complex and may require chemical or physical processes, including filtration, flocculation, membrane filtration, UV treatment, or chlorination.
Closed-loop systems are highly resource-efficient
The best way to conserve water resources is through reuse. Unfortunately, even in closed-loop systems, water can only be reused to a certain extent, as industrial and cooling systems require periodic water exchange or the regular addition of fresh water to operate safely. Many large industrial facilities reuse process water multiple times, moving through stages of decreasing quality before it is treated again.